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Europe Köppen Climate Classification Map

Legend
  • Af
  • Am
  • Aw
  • BWh
  • BWk
  • BSh
  • BSk
  • Csa
  • Csb
  • Cwa
  • Cwb
  • Cwc
  • Cfa
  • Cfb
  • Cfc
  • Dsa
  • Dsb
  • Dsc
  • Dsd
  • Dwa
  • Dwb
  • Dwc
  • Dwd
  • Dfa
  • Dfb
  • Dfc
  • Dfd
  • ET
  • EF

Class A - Tropical Climates

Class A climates are characterized by constant high temperatures (at sea level and low elevations) with year round average temperatures of 18 °C (64.4 °F) or higher.
Class Name Description European Cities in This Class
AfTropical Rainforest Year–round average precipitation of at least 60 mm (2.4 in). Usually occur within 5–10° latitude (North and South) of the equator. In some Eastern-coast areas, they may extend to as much as 25° away from the equator. This climate is dominated by the doldrums low-pressure system all year round, so has no natural seasons.
AmTropical Monsoon This type of climate (Am), most common in South America, results from the monsoon winds which change direction according to the seasons. This climate has a driest month (which nearly always occurs at or soon after the "winter" solstice for that side of the equator) with rainfall less than 60 mm, but more than 1/25 the total annual precipitation.
AwTropical Savanna (Wet and Dry Climate) Class Aw climates have a pronounced dry season, with the driest month having precipitation less than 60 mm and less than 1/25 of the total annual precipitation.

Class B - Dry (Arid and Semiarid) Climates

Class B Climates are characterized by potential evaporation and transpiration exceeding precipitation. These climates are usually found in areas from 20 - 35° North and South of the equator and in large continental regions of the mid-latitudes often surrounded by mountains.
Class Name Description European Cities in This Class
BWh Hot Desert Climate Hot desert climates usually feature hot, sometimes exceptionally hot, periods of the year. In many locations featuring a hot desert climate, maximum temperatures of over 40 °C (104 °F) are not uncommon in summer and can soar to over 45 °C (113 °F) in the hottest regions.
BWk Cold Desert Climate Cold desert climates (BWk) sometimes feature hot and dry summers, though summers typically are not quite as hot as summers in hot desert climates. Unlike hot desert climates, cold desert climates sometimes feature cold winters with marginal snow. Cold desert climates are typically found at higher altitudes than hot desert climates, and are usually drier than hot desert climates.
BSh Hot Semi-Arid ClimateColdest month has an average temperature above 0 °C (32 °F)
BSk Cold Semi-Arid ClimateAt least one month's averages below 0 °C (32 °F)

Class C - Temperate (Mesothermal) Climates

Class C climates have an average monthly high temperature of 10 °C (50 °F) or more in the spring/summer months (April to September in northern hemisphere), and an average monthly low temperature greater than −3 °C (27 °F) in the fall/winter months.
Class Name Description European Cities in This Class
Csa Hot-Summer Mediterranean Climate Csa Mediterranean Climates mostly occur on the western sides of continents between the latitudes of 30° and 45°.[6] These climates are in the polar front region in winter, and thus have moderate temperatures and changeable, rainy weather. Summers are hot and dry, due to the domination of the subtropical high pressure systems, except in the immediate coastal areas, where summers are milder due to the nearby presence of cold ocean currents that may bring fog but prevent rain.
Csb Warm-Summer Mediterranean Climatecoldest month averaging above 0 °C (32 °F), all months with average temperatures below 22 °C (71.6 °F), and at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and driest month of summer receives less than 30 mm (1.2 in).
Cwa Warm Oceanic Climate / Humid Subtropical ClimateHot Summer Temperatures Greater than or equal to 22 °C
Cwb Subtropical highland climate or temperate oceanic climate with dry winters. Coldest month averaging above 0 °C (32 °F), all months with average temperatures below 22 °C (71.6 °F), and at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F).
Cwc Cold subtropical highland/Subpolar Oceanic Cold subtropical highland climate or subpolar oceanic climate with dry winters. Coldest month averaging above 0 °C (32 °F) and 1–3 months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter (alternative definition is 70% or more of average annual precipitation is received in the warmest six months).
Cfa Humid Subtropical Climateoldest month averaging above 0 °C (32 °F) and at least one month's average temperature above 22 °C (71.6 °F) and at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).
Cfb Temperate Oceanic Climatecoldest month averaging above 0 °C (32 °F), all months with average temperatures below 22 °C (71.6 °F), and at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).
Cfc Subpolar Oceanic Climatecoldest month averaging above 0 °C (32 °F) and 1–3 months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).

Class D - Continental (Microthermal) Climates

These climates have an average temperature above 10 °C (50 °F) in their warmest months, and a coldest month average below −3 °C (or 0 °C in some versions, as noted previously). These usually occur in the interiors of continents and on their upper east coasts, normally north of 40°N. In the Southern Hemisphere, group D climates are extremely rare due to the smaller land masses in the middle latitudes and the almost complete absence of land at 40–60°S, existing only in some highland locations.
Class Name Description European Cities in This Class
Dsa Humid Continental Climate - Dry Warm Summer Coldest month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F) and at least one month's average temperature above 22 °C (71.6 °F) and at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and driest month of summer receives less than 30 mm (1.2 in).
Dsb Humid Continental Climate - Dry Cool Summer Coldest month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F), all months with average temperatures below 22 °C (71.6 °F), and at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and driest month of summer receives less than 30 mm (1.2 in).
Dsc Continental Subarctic - Cold Dry Summer Coldest month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F) and 1–3 months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and driest month of summer receives less than 30 mm (1.2 in).
Dsd Continental Subarctic - Dry Summer, Very Cold Winter Coldest month averaging below −38 °C (−36.4 °F) and 1–3 months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and driest month of summer receives less than 30 mm (1.2 in).
Dwa Humid Continental Hot Summers With Dry Winters Coldest month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F) and at least one month's average temperature above 22 °C (71.6 °F) and at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter (alternative definition is 70% or more of average annual precipitation is received in the warmest six months).
Dwb Humid Continental Mild Summer With Dry Winters coldest month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F), all months with average temperatures below 22 °C (71.6 °F), and at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter (alternative definition is 70% or more of average annual precipitation is received in the warmest six months).
Dwc Subarctic With Cool Summers And Dry Winters coldest month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F) and 1–3 months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter (alternative definition is 70% or more of average annual precipitation is received in the warmest six months).
Dwd Subarctic With Cold Winters And Dry Winters coldest month averaging below −38 °C (−36.4 °F) and 1–3 months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter (alternative definition is 70% or more of average annual precipitation is received in the warmest six months).
Dfa Humid Continental Hot Summers With Year Around Precipitation coldest month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F) and at least one month's average temperature above 22 °C (71.6 °F) and at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).
Dfb Humid Continental Mild Summer, Wet All Year coldest month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F), all months with average temperatures below 22 °C (71.6 °F), and at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).
Dfc Subarctic With Cool Summers And Year Around Rainfall coldest month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F) and 1–3 months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).
Dfd Subarctic With Cold Winters And Year Around Rainfall coldest month averaging below −38 °C (−36.4 °F) and 1–3 months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).

Class E - Polar and Alpine Climates
Class Name Description European Cities in This Class
ET Tundra Climate Warmest month has an average temperature between 0 and 10 °C. These climates occur on the northern edges of the North American and Eurasian land masses, and on nearby islands. ET climates are also found on some islands near the Antarctic Convergence, and at high elevations outside the polar regions, above the tree line.
EF Ice Cap ClimateThis climate is dominant in Antarctica and inner Greenland, but also occurs at extremely high altitudes on mountains, above even tundra. All twelve months have average temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F)
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